Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Bromine (Br, atomic number 35).**
Bromine is a **halogen** that does **not occur free** in nature. It is primarily obtained from **brines and salt lakes**, especially those rich in **bromide ions (Br⁻)**. Industrial extraction involves **oxidation and displacement reactions** to produce liquid bromine.
Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Bromine**:
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# **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Bromine**
### **A. Industrial / Large-Scale Methods**
1. **Oxidation of Bromide Ions in Brine with Chlorine (Cl₂ + 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2Cl⁻)** – Most common industrial method.
2. **Oxidation with Hypochlorite (OCl⁻ + 2Br⁻ + 2H⁺ → Br₂ + Cl⁻ + H₂O)** – Alternative industrial method.
3. **Oxidation with Chlorate (ClO₃⁻ + 2Br⁻ + 2H⁺ → Br₂ + Cl⁻ + H₂O)** – Used in some plants.
4. **Oxidation with Ozone (O₃ + 2Br⁻ + 2H⁺ → Br₂ + O₂ + H₂O)** – Specialty or laboratory method.
5. **Fractional Distillation of Br₂ from Aqueous Solution** – Purifies bromine.
6. **Extraction from Natural Brines using Air Stripping** – Evaporation and condensation method.
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### **B. Hydrometallurgical / Chemical Methods**
7. **Oxidation with KMnO₄ (MnO₄⁻ + 2Br⁻ + 2H⁺ → Br₂ + MnO₂ + H₂O)** – Lab or specialty production.
8. **Oxidation with H₂O₂ in Acidic Solution** – Laboratory-scale production.
9. **Precipitation of Bromine as AgBr (Ag⁺ + Br⁻ → AgBr)** – For purification in labs.
10. **Displacement from Sea Water Brines using Iodine or Bromine Exchange** – Experimental lab method.
11. **Electrolytic Oxidation of Br⁻ Solutions** – Produces elemental bromine at the anode.
12. **Recovery from Sea Water Evaporation Ponds** – Concentration of Br⁻ → chemical oxidation.
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### **C. Laboratory / Small-Scale Methods**
13. **Oxidation of KBr or NaBr Salts with H₂SO₄ + MnO₂** – Produces bromine vapor.
14. **Oxidation of Bromide with Nitric Acid (HNO₃ + KBr → Br₂ + NO₂ + KNO₃)** – Lab preparation.
15. **Reduction of Bromates (KBrO₃) with Acidified Br⁻ Solutions** – Produces Br₂.
16. **Thermal Decomposition of Bromine Compounds (e.g., Bromates)** – Experimental method.
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### **D. Specialized / Recycling Methods**
17. **Recovery from Brominated Flame Retardants** – Hydrometallurgical extraction.
18. **Recovery from Brominated Pesticides** – Chemical oxidation and separation.
19. **Plasma Reduction of Bromine Compounds** – Experimental high-purity method.
20. **Solar-Thermal Oxidation of Bromide Solutions** – Experimental renewable energy extraction.
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✅ **Summary:**
* **Main industrial method:** Oxidation of bromide ions in brines using chlorine → liquid bromine → purification by distillation.
* **Alternative oxidants:** Hypochlorite, chlorate, ozone, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide.
* **Laboratory/experimental:** Oxidation of bromide salts with acids, MnO₂, HNO₃, or bromates.
* **Electrochemical:** Electrolysis of bromide solutions.
* **Recycling sources:** Brominated flame retardants, pesticides.
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Next in periodic order is **Krypton (Kr, atomic number 36).**
Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Krypton**?
