Cadmium
(information)
✅ Continuing with **Cadmium (Cd)** — a **soft, bluish-white metal**, mostly obtained as a **byproduct of zinc refining**. While highly **toxic** and strictly **regulated**, cadmium still plays critical roles in **batteries, pigments, coatings, alloys, and nuclear applications**. --- # ⚡ Modern Cadmium Uses by Industry (Option A Format) ### 🔋 **1–4: Batteries & Energy Storage (~40–45%)** 1. **Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Rechargeable Batteries** – Used in power tools, emergency lighting, aviation, and UPS systems. 2. **Backup Power Systems** – Long-life cadmium cells for telecom and railway infrastructure. 3. **Industrial Forklift & Mining Batteries** – Extreme temperature-resistant battery packs. 4. **Solar Storage Systems (Legacy Applications)** – Used in older off-grid storage installations. --- ### 🎨 **5–8: Pigments & Stabilizers (~20–25%)** 5. **Cadmium Yellow, Red, and Orange Pigments** – High-temperature resistant paints for plastics and ceramics. 6. **Automotive & Aerospace Coatings** – Durable, fade-resistant finishers. 7. **Industrial Plastics Coloring (PVC, Polycarbonate)** – Specialized engineering materials. 8. **Artists’ Oil Paints** – Used in premium fine art supplies (with safety labeling). --- ### ⚙️ **9–12: Metal Coatings & Corrosion Protection (~15–18%)** 9. **Cadmium Electroplating for Aircraft Components** – Corrosion-resistant coating on steel and aluminum parts. 10. **Fasteners & Bolts in Marine Environments** – Anti-galling and anti-corrosion finish. 11. **Aerospace Hydraulic Fittings & Landing Gear** – Lubricity and oxidation resistance. 12. **Oil & Gas Drilling Equipment Coatings** – Harsh chemical environment protection. --- ### 🔩 **13–16: Alloys & Specialty Materials (~8–10%)** 13. **Low-Melting Fusible Alloys (Wood’s Metal / Field’s Alloy)** – Safety release plugs and fire sprinklers. 14. **Cadmium-Silver & Cadmium-Copper Bearing Alloys** – High-load mechanical bearings. 15. **Soldiers & Brazing Filler Metals** – High-temperature joining of steel and nickel alloys. 16. **Photovoltaic Thin-Film (CdTe Solar Cells)** – Specialty semiconductor layer. --- ### ☢️ **17–20: Electronics, Optical & Nuclear Uses (~5–7%)** 17. **Infrared Optics & Semiconductor Compounds (CdS, CdSe)** – Photodetectors and LEDs. 18. **Nuclear Control Rods (Cadmium Neutron Absorbers)** – Used in reactors alongside boron and hafnium. 19. **Radiation Shields for Medical & Research Labs** – High neutron absorption. 20. **Thermal Sensors & Pressure Fuses** – Melting safety devices. --- ### 📌 Sector Share Summary | Sector Group | % of Global Cadmium Use | | ------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | | Batteries & Energy Storage | ~40–45% | | Pigments & Stabilizers | ~20–25% | | Metal Coatings & Corrosion Protection | ~15–18% | | Alloys & Specialty Materials | ~8–10% | | Electronics, Optical & Nuclear | ~5–7% | --- ✅ **Next in line is:** **Indium (In)** — famous for its **flexible, low-melting nature** and essential in **touchscreens, LCDs, semiconductors, and specialty alloys**. Say **“continue”** to move on to **Indium** in the same structured industry format.Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Cadmium (Cd, atomic number 48).** Cadmium is a **transition metal** that does **not occur free** in nature. It is primarily obtained as a **byproduct of zinc, lead, and copper ore refining**, especially from **sphalerite (ZnS)**. Extraction involves **roasting, leaching, and reduction**. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Cadmium**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Cadmium** ### **A. Extraction from Zinc Ores** 1. **Roasting of Zinc Sulfide Ores (ZnS + O₂ → ZnO + SO₂)** – Cadmium is liberated as CdO or Cd vapor. 2. **Volatilization of Cadmium during Zinc Smelting** – CdO vaporizes and is collected from flue gases. 3. **Condensation of Cadmium Vapors** – Produces metallic cadmium. 4. **Leaching of Cadmium from Zinc Oxide Residues (H₂SO₄)** – Forms soluble cadmium sulfate. 5. **Precipitation as Cadmium Carbonate (CdCO₃)** – Intermediate purification step. 6. **Conversion of CdCO₃ → CdO by Calcination** – Prepares for reduction. --- ### **B. Reduction to Metallic Cadmium** 7. **Hydrogen Reduction of CdO → Cd + H₂O** – Produces metallic cadmium. 8. **Electrolytic Reduction from CdSO₄ Solution** – Produces high-purity cadmium cathodes. 9. **Aluminothermic Reduction of CdO → Cd + Al₂O₃** – Laboratory or small-scale method. 10. **Magnesiothermic Reduction of CdO → Cd + MgO** – Experimental lab method. 11. **Carbothermic Reduction of Cd Compounds** – Specialty method. 12. **Vacuum Distillation of Cadmium Metal** – Purification of metallic Cd. --- ### **C. Recovery from Byproducts / Secondary Sources** 13. **Recovery from Zinc Refinery Residues / Flue Dust** – Hydrometallurgical leaching. 14. **Recovery from Lead Refinery Byproducts** – Cd present in small quantities. 15. **Recovery from Copper Refinery Slags** – Cd extracted via acid leaching. 16. **Recovery from Recycled Batteries Containing Cd** – Dissolution + precipitation. --- ### **D. Laboratory / Experimental Methods** 17. **Plasma Reduction of Cd Compounds** – High-purity experimental method. 18. **Solar-Thermal Reduction of CdO or Cd Chloride** – Experimental renewable energy method. 19. **Zone Refining of Metallic Cadmium** – Produces ultra-high purity Cd. 20. **Electroless Deposition of Cadmium from Salts** – Produces thin metallic coatings. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial sources:** Sphalerite (ZnS) ores, zinc refinery residues. * **Primary extraction steps:** Ore roasting → volatilization → condensation/leaching → reduction → metallic cadmium. * **Metallic cadmium:** Produced via hydrogen, electrolytic, or metallothermic reduction. * **Byproduct sources:** Zinc, lead, copper refining residues, recycled batteries. * **Laboratory/experimental:** Plasma, solar-thermal, zone refining, electroless deposition. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Indium (In, atomic number 49). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Indium**?
