Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Iodine (I, atomic number 53).**
Iodine is a **halogen** that occurs naturally mainly in **brines, seaweed, and nitrate ores**. Industrial extraction involves **oxidation, leaching, and sublimation**.
Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Iodine**:
---
# **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Iodine**
### **A. Extraction from Brines and Nitrate Deposits**
1. **Oxidation of Iodide Ions (I⁻ → I₂) with Chlorine or Hypochlorite** – Converts soluble iodide to elemental iodine.
2. **Oxidation of I⁻ in Nitrate-Bearing Salts** – Produces elemental iodine for sublimation.
3. **Leaching of Iodine from Nitrate Deposits with Water** – Dissolves iodide salts.
4. **Sublimation of Iodine from Solutions** – Produces high-purity solid iodine.
5. **Distillation of Crude Iodine from Brines** – Separates iodine from salts.
6. **Adsorption on Activated Carbon or Resins** – Concentrates iodine from aqueous solutions.
---
### **B. Recovery from Seaweed and Biomass**
7. **Burning Seaweed to Produce Ash Containing Iodate/Iodide** – Traditional method.
8. **Leaching Ash with Water to Extract Iodine Compounds** – Produces iodide solution.
9. **Oxidation of Leach Solution (I⁻ → I₂)** – Converts iodide to elemental iodine.
10. **Precipitation of Iodine with Copper(II) or Lead(II) Salts** – Produces intermediate iodine compounds.
11. **Extraction of Iodine Using Organic Solvents** – Solvent extraction for purification.
12. **Sublimation of Crude Iodine from Extracts** – Produces solid iodine.
---
### **C. Recovery from Industrial Byproducts**
13. **Recovery from Oil Well Brines** – Iodide extracted from produced water.
14. **Recovery from Nitrate Fertilizer Production Byproducts** – Iodine recovered from mother liquor.
15. **Recovery from Seawater Evaporation Residues** – Iodide salts oxidized to I₂.
16. **Recovery from Spent Iodine Solutions in Laboratories** – Precipitation or sublimation.
---
### **D. Laboratory / Experimental Methods**
17. **Electrolytic Oxidation of I⁻ to I₂** – Produces elemental iodine.
18. **Reduction of Iodates to Iodine** – Lab method for producing I₂ from KIO₃ or NaIO₃.
19. **Chemical Precipitation Using Chlorine or Bromine** – Converts iodide to elemental iodine.
20. **Adsorption–Desorption Cycles on Activated Carbon for Concentration** – Experimental concentration technique.
---
✅ **Summary:**
* **Main industrial sources:** Brines, seaweed, nitrate ores, and oil well brines.
* **Primary extraction steps:** Leaching → oxidation (I⁻ → I₂) → concentration → sublimation → metallic iodine.
* **Metallic iodine:** Produced mainly by oxidation of iodide salts followed by sublimation.
* **Byproduct sources:** Fertilizer production residues, seawater, oil brines, laboratory waste.
* **Laboratory/experimental:** Electrolytic oxidation, chemical precipitation, adsorption/desorption, iodate reduction.
---
Next in periodic order is \*\*Xenon (Xe, atomic number 54).
Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Xenon**?
