info krypton

Chemical Element: Krypton

Information: Krypton

Known Methods of Extraction

Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Krypton (Kr, atomic number 36).** Krypton is a **noble gas** that does **not occur free in significant amounts** in nature. It is primarily obtained from **liquefied air** through **fractional distillation** because it exists in very low concentrations in the atmosphere (\~1 ppm). Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Krypton**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Krypton** ### **A. Industrial / Large-Scale Methods** 1. **Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air** – Primary industrial method. 2. **Cryogenic Separation of Oxygen and Nitrogen from Air** – Concentrates noble gases including Kr. 3. **Sequential Fractional Distillation (Multiple Stages)** – Further isolates Kr from Xe and Ar. 4. **Distillation Using Low-Temperature Columns** – Enhances Kr purity. 5. **Adsorption of Other Gases (O₂/N₂) on Zeolites/Activated Carbon** – Pre-concentration step. 6. **Rectification of Liquid Air Mixtures** – Industrial refinement of Kr. --- ### **B. Cryogenic / Low-Temperature Methods** 7. **Cryogenic Pumping of Air Mixture** – Separates heavier noble gases. 8. **Fractional Condensation at Controlled Temperatures** – Kr condenses after N₂/O₂ removal. 9. **Vacuum Distillation Techniques** – Enhances Kr separation efficiency. 10. **Pressure Swing Adsorption** – Partial industrial separation method. 11. **Low-Temperature Molecular Sieve Adsorption** – Pre-concentrates Kr before distillation. 12. **Cascade Cryogenic Distillation** – Multiple stages for higher purity. --- ### **C. Laboratory / Small-Scale Methods** 13. **Separation Using Activated Charcoal at Low Temperatures** – Lab-scale Kr collection. 14. **Fractional Distillation of Liquefied Air in Small Columns** – Lab-scale isolation. 15. **Cold Trap Collection from Liquefied Air** – Laboratory method. 16. **Gas Chromatography for Minor Purification** – Analytical and small-scale extraction. --- ### **D. Specialized / Experimental Methods** 17. **Laser Isotope Separation** – Produces specific isotopes of Kr. 18. **Membrane Separation at Low Temperatures** – Experimental method for minor Kr enrichment. 19. **Cryogenic Distillation of Industrial Argon or Oxygen Production Streams** – Byproduct recovery. 20. **Plasma or Ionization-Based Noble Gas Separation** – Experimental method for research-level Kr recovery. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial method:** Fractional distillation of liquid air after removal of N₂ and O₂. * **Cryogenic separation:** Key step to concentrate Kr from other noble gases. * **Laboratory-scale:** Cold traps, activated charcoal adsorption, small distillation columns. * **Specialized/experimental:** Membranes, laser isotope separation, plasma separation. * **Sources:** Atmospheric air (\~1 ppm Kr), byproduct of industrial oxygen/argon production. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Rubidium (Rb, atomic number 37). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Rubidium**?