Perfect 👍 — let’s continue in **periodic table order**.
Now we’re at **Magnesium (Mg, atomic number 12)**.
Magnesium is fairly abundant (≈2% of Earth’s crust, and a major ion in seawater). It does not occur free in nature, only as salts (dolomite, magnesite, carnallite, seawater brines, etc.). It’s usually extracted by **electrolysis** or **thermal reduction**.
Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Magnesium**:
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# **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Magnesium**
### **A. Industrial Electrolytic Processes**
1. **Electrolysis of Molten Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂)** – Main modern process (from seawater brine, carnallite, or magnesite).
2. **Electrolysis of MgCl₂ from Seawater + Lime Treatment** – Mg²⁺ precipitated as Mg(OH)₂, converted to MgCl₂, then electrolyzed.
3. **Electrolysis of Fused Carnallite (KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O)** – Used in some regions with carnallite deposits.
4. **Electrolysis of Fused Magnesite-Derived MgCl₂** – Magnesite (MgCO₃) is calcined → MgO → MgCl₂ → electrolyzed.
5. **Electrolysis of Brine-Derived MgCl₂** – Similar to seawater method but from inland brines.
6. **Electrolysis in Downs-Type Cells** – Adapted from sodium production; produces liquid Mg + Cl₂ gas.
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### **B. Thermal Reduction (Pidgeon & Variants)**
7. **Pidgeon Process (Silicothermic Reduction of MgO with Ferrosilicon)** – The dominant thermal method (especially in China).
8. **Thermal Reduction of Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) with Ferrosilicon** – Variant of the Pidgeon process.
9. **Retort Reduction of MgO with Aluminum** – Less common but possible reduction route.
10. **Thermal Reduction with Calcium Carbide (CaC₂)** – Early 20th century experiments.
11. **Thermal Reduction of MgCl₂ with Sodium or Potassium** – Produces Mg metal + alkali chlorides.
12. **Vacuum Carbothermic Reduction of MgO** – MgO + C at high temps under vacuum → Mg vapor.
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### **C. Specialized Industrial Routes**
13. **Hansgirg Process (Carbothermic Reduction + Rapid Quench Condensation)** – High-yield method, but safety issues (Mg dust explosions).
14. **Electrothermal Reduction of Dolomite** – Electric arc furnaces reduce dolomite with carbon.
15. **Aluminothermic Reduction of MgO** – Produces magnesium and alumina.
16. **Magnetherm Process (Carbothermic Reduction in Electric Furnace under Vacuum)** – Industrially tested in Europe.
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### **D. Research, Byproduct, & Novel Methods**
17. **Biomineral Extraction (from Seawater via Microalgae or Ion-Exchange Resins)** – Experimental sustainable methods.
18. **Molten Salt Electrolysis with Additives (e.g., CaF₂)** – Lowers melting point and improves Mg yield.
19. **Solar Thermal Carbothermic Reduction of MgO** – Experimental, driven by concentrated solar power.
20. **Electrochemical Extraction in Ionic Liquids** – Research method avoiding corrosive molten salts.
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✅ **Summary:**
* **Main industrial routes today:**
* **Electrolysis of MgCl₂** (from seawater, brines, or minerals).
* **Pidgeon process (silicothermic reduction of dolomite with ferrosilicon).**
* **Historic methods:** Hansgirg, aluminothermic, sodium/potassium reductions.
* **Modern research:** solar carbothermic and ionic liquid electrolysis.
* **Natural occurrence:** Never free, but abundant in seawater (\~1,300 ppm) and minerals.
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The next element in order will be **Aluminum (Al, atomic number 13)**.
Want me to continue straight into aluminum?
