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Molybdenum
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✅ Continuing in **Option A (Zirconium-style)** — here is the **modern breakdown of Molybdenum (Mo)** by industry, grouped in quartets with percentage shares. --- # ⚙️ Modern Molybdenum Uses by Industry (Option A Format) ### 🏭 **1–4: Steel & Structural Alloys (~65–70%)** 1. **High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steels** – Construction beams, automotive frames. 2. **Stainless Steels** – Corrosion-resistant grades used in chemical plants and kitchens. 3. **Tool & High-Speed Steels** – Drill bits, saw blades, and cutting tools. 4. **Pipeline Steels** – Oil & gas transport requiring high strength and sour-gas resistance. --- ### 🔥 **5–8: High-Temperature & Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (~15–20%)** 5. **Nickel-Based Superalloys (Inconel, Hastelloy)** – Jet engines, turbines. 6. **Cast Alloys for Industrial Machinery** – Valves, molds, extrusion dies. 7. **Nuclear Reactor Components** – High neutron resistance. 8. **Glass-Melting Electrodes** – Handles extreme heat without melting. --- ### 🧪 **9–12: Chemical & Catalytic Applications (~7–10%)** 9. **Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts (HDS)** – Removes sulfur from petroleum fuels. 10. **Chemical Processing Equipment** – Acid-resistant pumps, pipes. 11. **Pigments & Dyes** – Molybdate pigments for ceramics and inks. 12. **Fertilizer Micronutrient Additives** – Essential trace element for plant enzymes. --- ### ⚡ **13–16: Electronics, Energy & Lubrication (~3–5%)** 13. **Thin-Film Transistors & Electronics Contacts** – Semiconductors and displays. 14. **Electrical Heating Elements** – For furnaces and furnaces. 15. **Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) Lubricant** – Dry lubricant for aerospace and machinery. 16. **Battery & Hydrogen Production Research** – Emerging catalysts for electrolyzers. --- ### 💎 **17–20: Specialty & Emerging (~1–3%)** 17. **Medical Imaging & Radiation Shields** – Dense yet workable metal. 18. **Metal 3D Printing Powders** – Additive manufacturing. 19. **Weapons & Armor-Piercing Projectiles** – Kinetic penetrators. 20. **Filaments & Electrodes in Lighting** – High melting point applications. --- ### 📌 Sector Share Summary | Sector Group | % of Global Molybdenum Use | | -------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | | Steel & Structural Alloys | ~65–70% | | High-Temp & Corrosion-Resistant Alloys | ~15–20% | | Chemical & Catalytic | ~7–10% | | Electronics, Energy & Lubrication | ~3–5% | | Specialty & Emerging | ~1–3% | --- ✅ **Next in the periodic series is: Technetium (Tc)** — although it’s rare and mostly synthetic, I can still produce a breakdown of its niche uses. **Continue with Technetium?** Just say **“continue”** to proceed.Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Molybdenum (Mo, atomic number 42).** Molybdenum is a **transition metal** that does **not occur free** in nature. It is primarily obtained from **molybdenite (MoS₂)**. Industrial extraction involves **roasting, leaching, and reduction** to obtain metallic molybdenum. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Molybdenum**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Molybdenum** ### **A. Extraction from Molybdenite (MoS₂)** 1. **Flotation of Molybdenite from Ore** – Concentrates MoS₂ from gangue. 2. **Roasting of MoS₂ (2 MoS₂ + 7 O₂ → 2 MoO₃ + 4 SO₂)** – Produces molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃). 3. **Sublimation of MoO₃** – Purifies MoO₃ as a volatile oxide. 4. **Reduction of MoO₃ with Hydrogen (MoO₃ + 3 H₂ → Mo + 3 H₂O)** – Produces metallic molybdenum. 5. **Reduction with Carbon (Carbothermic Reduction)** – MoO₃ + 3 C → Mo + 3 CO. 6. **Electrolytic Reduction of MoO₃** – Laboratory or specialty high-purity method. --- ### **B. Hydrometallurgical / Chemical Methods** 7. **Leaching Roasted MoO₃ with Ammonium Hydroxide (NH₄OH)** – Produces ammonium molybdate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O). 8. **Precipitation of Ammonium Molybdate from Solution** – Intermediate purification step. 9. **Solvent Extraction of Molybdenum from Leach Solutions** – Using organophosphorus or amine extractants. 10. **Ion Exchange Purification** – Removes residual impurities. 11. **Recovery of Molybdenum from Copper-Molybdenum Ores as Byproduct** – Flotation → roasting → leaching. 12. **Conversion of Molybdenum Salts to MoO₃** – Prepares for metallic reduction. --- ### **C. Recovery from Byproducts / Secondary Sources** 13. **Recovery from Recycled Steel or Superalloys Containing Mo** – Acid leaching → precipitation. 14. **Recovery from Spent Catalysts** – Chemical extraction of Mo. 15. **Recovery from Industrial Slags** – MoO₃ extraction via roasting and leaching. 16. **Recovery from Copper Refinery Slimes** – Minor amounts of Mo as a byproduct. --- ### **D. Laboratory / Experimental Methods** 17. **Reduction of MoO₃ with Sodium (Na)** – Lab metallothermic method. 18. **Magnesiothermic Reduction of MoO₃** – Laboratory-scale method. 19. **Plasma Reduction of Molybdenum Oxides** – Experimental high-purity Mo production. 20. **Solar-Thermal Reduction of MoO₃** – Experimental renewable energy method. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial source:** Molybdenite (MoS₂). * **Primary extraction steps:** Flotation → roasting → MoO₃ → reduction → metallic molybdenum. * **Metallic molybdenum:** Produced via hydrogen, carbon, or metallothermic reductions. * **Purification:** Sublimation, solvent extraction, ion exchange. * **Byproduct sources:** Copper-molybdenum ores, recycled steel, spent catalysts, industrial slags. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Technetium (Tc, atomic number 43). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Technetium**?
