Rhenium
(information)
✅ Continuing with **Rhenium (Re)** — one of the **rarest and most heat-resistant metals** on Earth, typically recovered as a byproduct of molybdenum or copper mining. It’s indispensable in **jet engines, superalloys, thermocouples, and catalytic processes** due to its extreme melting point (3186 °C) and ability to retain strength at high temperatures. --- # 🔥 Modern Rhenium Uses by Industry (Option A Format) ### ✈️ **1–5: Aerospace & Superalloys (~70–75%)** 1. **Nickel-Based Superalloys (Re–Ni Alloys)** – Strengthens turbine blades and combustion chambers. 2. **Jet Engine Components (Hastelloy, Rene Alloys)** – Enables operation at >1500 °C with minimal creep. 3. **Rocket Nozzles & Re-Entry Shields** – Rhenium coatings protect against erosion and oxidation. 4. **Thermal Barriers for Spacecraft Engines** – Used in reusable launch systems and hypersonic craft. 5. **Re–Tungsten & Re–Molybdenum Alloys** – Reinforces structural integrity of ultra-high-temp systems. --- ### ⚗️ **6–9: Catalysts & Chemical Processing (~15–20%)** 6. **Platinum–Rhenium Catalysts** – Critical for petroleum reforming (high-octane gasoline production). 7. **Hydrocarbon Cracking & Dehydrogenation Catalysts** – Used in refining and hydrogen generation. 8. **Ammonia Oxidation & Hydrogenation Reactions** – High-efficiency catalysts in fertilizers and specialty chemicals. 9. **Selective Olefin Metathesis Catalysts (Re₂O₇)** – Advanced applications in fine organic synthesis. --- ### 🌡️ **10–13: Electronics & Thermocouples (~5–7%)** 10. **Rhenium–Tungsten Thermocouples (W-Re)** – Measure temperatures above 2200 °C in furnaces and engines. 11. **Filaments in Mass Spectrometers & Ion Sources** – Long-life, stable electron emitters. 12. **Electrical Contacts & Switches** – Wear-resistant coatings for aerospace and medical devices. 13. **Resistors & Heating Elements** – Precision high-resistance coils in scientific instruments. --- ### ⚙️ **14–17: Metallurgy & Coatings (~3–5%)** 14. **Protective Coatings for Industrial Turbines** – Improves oxidation and corrosion resistance. 15. **Sputtering Targets for Thin-Film Deposition** – Semiconductor and optical coatings. 16. **Nuclear Reactor Components (Experimental)** – Candidate alloy for fast-neutron reactors. 17. **Re-Doped Steels & Alloys** – Enhances creep strength in ultra-high-temp steels. --- ### 🔬 **18–20: Specialty & Emerging (~2–3%)** 18. **3D-Printed Superalloy Components** – Rhenium powders in additive manufacturing for aerospace. 19. **Catalytic Hydrogen Production (Re Complexes)** – Experimental renewable-energy catalysts. 20. **Biomedical & Radiopharmaceutical Research (Re-188, Re-186)** – Used in targeted radiotherapy and diagnostics. --- ### 📌 Sector Share Summary | Sector Group | % of Global Rhenium Use | | ------------------------------- | ----------------------- | | Aerospace & Superalloys | ~70–75 % | | Catalysts & Chemical Processing | ~15–20 % | | Electronics & Thermocouples | ~5–7 % | | Metallurgy & Coatings | ~3–5 % | | Specialty & Emerging Uses | ~2–3 % | --- ✅ **Next element:** **Osmium (Os)** — the **densest naturally occurring element**, used in **hard alloys, instrument pivots, fountain pen nibs, catalysts, and electrical contacts**, as well as in advanced nanotechnology. Say **“continue”** to move on to **Osmium** in the same structured format.Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Rhenium (Re, atomic number 75).** Rhenium is a **transition metal** that occurs in **molybdenite (MoS₂)** as a minor component and in **copper and lead ores**. Industrial extraction involves **oxidation, leaching, solvent extraction, and reduction** to produce metallic rhenium. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Rhenium**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Rhenium** ### **A. Extraction from Molybdenite and Other Ores** 1. **Mining of Molybdenite (MoS₂) Concentrates** – Primary source of rhenium. 2. **Roasting of MoS₂ Concentrates** – Converts ReS₂ to Re₂O₇. 3. **Oxidation in Air at High Temperature** – Forms volatile Re₂O₇. 4. **Capture of Volatile Re₂O₇ from Roasting Gas** – Condensation into soluble rhenium compounds. 5. **Leaching of Rhenium from Roasted Material with Water or Alkali** – Produces perrhenate solution (ReO₄⁻). 6. **Removal of Molybdenum and Other Impurities** – Precipitation or solvent extraction. --- ### **B. Concentration and Purification** 7. **Solvent Extraction of Perrhenate Ions** – Separates ReO₄⁻ from other ions. 8. **Ion Exchange Chromatography** – Laboratory or industrial scale separation of Re. 9. **Fractional Crystallization of Ammonium Perrhenate (NH₄ReO₄)** – Key intermediate for metallic rhenium. 10. **Precipitation with Cations (e.g., Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺)** – Concentrates rhenium. 11. **Purification by Recrystallization of Ammonium Perrhenate** – Removes residual impurities. 12. **Electrolytic Purification of Re Compounds** – Produces ultra-high-purity rhenium intermediates. --- ### **C. Reduction to Metallic Rhenium** 13. **Hydrogen Reduction of Ammonium Perrhenate → Re** – Main industrial method. 14. **Reduction of Re₂O₇ with Carbon at High Temperature** – Produces metallic rhenium. 15. **Reduction of ReO₄⁻ Solutions Using Metallic Reductants** – Laboratory method. 16. **Vacuum Melting or Electron Beam Melting of Rhenium** – Produces high-purity rhenium metal. --- ### **D. Recovery and Secondary Sources** 17. **Recovery from Roaster Flue Dusts from Mo Refining** – Leaching + precipitation. 18. **Recovery from Superalloy Scrap Containing Rhenium** – Hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical extraction. 19. **Recovery from Copper and Lead Smelting Byproducts** – Leaching and solvent extraction. 20. **Recovery from Industrial Slags Containing Rhenium** – Chemical extraction and purification. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial sources:** Molybdenite concentrates, copper/lead ores. * **Primary extraction steps:** Roasting → Re₂O₇ volatilization → leaching → ammonium perrhenate formation → reduction to metallic rhenium. * **Metallic rhenium:** Produced via hydrogen reduction, carbon reduction, or electron beam melting. * **Byproduct/secondary sources:** Flue dusts, superalloy scrap, copper/lead smelting residues, industrial slags. * **Laboratory/experimental:** Ion exchange, solvent extraction, crystallization, reduction methods. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Osmium (Os, atomic number 76). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Osmium**?
