Tellurium
(information)
✅ Continuing with **Tellurium (Te)** — a rare metalloid that’s mostly recovered as a byproduct of copper refining. Its largest modern uses are in **CdTe thin-film solar cells, thermoelectrics, and specialized alloys** for steel and copper. --- # 🌞 Modern Tellurium Uses by Industry (Option A Format) ### 🔋 **1–4: Energy & Power (~40–45%)** 1. **Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Thin-Film Solar Cells** – One of the top photovoltaic materials. 2. **Thermoelectric Materials (Bi₂Te₃, PbTe)** – Converting waste heat into electricity. 3. **Phase-Change Memory Materials (Ge-Sb-Te)** – Used in solid-state memory storage. 4. **Battery Additives (Li-Te Alloys)** – Emerging in next-gen lithium batteries. --- ### 🏗️ **5–8: Metallurgy (~25–30%)** 5. **Steel Additive** – Improves machinability and reduces vibration during cutting. 6. **Copper Telluride Alloys** – Increases electrical conductivity and wear resistance. 7. **Lead-Tellurium Alloys** – Enhances strength and corrosion resistance. 8. **Free-Machining Stainless Steels** – Widely used in automotive and industrial parts. --- ### 💻 **9–12: Electronics & Semiconductors (~10–12%)** 9. **Ge-Sb-Te Alloys for Data Storage** – Core of rewritable CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray. 10. **Infrared Detectors & Sensors (HgCdTe, PbSnTe)** – Military and aerospace optics. 11. **Thermoelectric Cooling Devices** – Peltier modules for electronics and satellites. 12. **Semiconductor Compounds (CdTe, ZnTe)** – Optoelectronics and LEDs. --- ### 🎨 **13–16: Glass, Ceramics & Chemicals (~8–10%)** 13. **Tinting Glass & Ceramics** – Red and brown pigments in glassmaking. 14. **Optical Glass Stabilizer** – Improves infrared transmission. 15. **Vulcanization Additives in Rubber** – Enhances elasticity and durability. 16. **Chemical Catalyst (Tellurium Oxides)** – Used in polymerization and oxidation reactions. --- ### ⚙️ **17–20: Specialty & Emerging (~5%)** 17. **Nanomaterials Research** – Quantum dots and 2D tellurene sheets. 18. **Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution** – Fuel cell research. 19. **Thermal Barrier Coatings** – Aerospace turbine protection. 20. **High-End Pigments & Specialty Coatings** – For advanced ceramics and plastics. --- ### 📌 Sector Share Summary | Sector Group | % of Global Tellurium Use | | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------- | | Energy & Power (Solar, Thermoelectric) | ~40–45% | | Metallurgy (Steel & Alloys) | ~25–30% | | Electronics & Semiconductors | ~10–12% | | Glass, Ceramics & Chemicals | ~8–10% | | Specialty & Emerging Uses | ~5% | --- ✅ **Next up: Iodine (I)** — a halogen with big roles in **medicine, nutrition, disinfectants, and x-ray contrast agents**, plus growing use in electronics. Say **“continue”** to move on to **Iodine**.Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Tellurium (Te, atomic number 52).** Tellurium is a **metalloid** that occurs in **telluride ores** (e.g., **calaverite AuTe₂**, **sylvanite (AgAuTe₄)**) and as a **byproduct of copper, lead, and gold refining**. Industrial extraction involves **leaching, precipitation, and reduction**. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Tellurium**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Tellurium** ### **A. Extraction from Telluride Ores** 1. **Gravity Concentration of Telluride Ores** – Separates dense telluride minerals from gangue. 2. **Flotation of Telluride Minerals** – Concentrates fine-grained telluride ores. 3. **Roasting of Tellurides (MTeₓ + O₂ → TeO₂ + metal)** – Converts tellurium to tellurium dioxide. 4. **Leaching TeO₂ with NaOH or HCl** – Produces soluble tellurium salts. 5. **Purification by Precipitation** – Removes impurities like selenium, copper, lead, or gold. 6. **Solvent Extraction of Tellurium Compounds** – Uses organophosphorus or amine extractants. --- ### **B. Recovery from Copper, Lead, and Gold Refining** 7. **Electrolytic Refining of Copper or Lead Slimes** – Tellurium collected as a byproduct. 8. **Leaching of Anode Slimes in Acid** – Dissolves tellurium as Te⁴⁺. 9. **Selective Precipitation of Tellurium Metal or Oxide** – Produces intermediate purity products. 10. **Conversion to Tellurium Dioxide (TeO₂)** – Prepares for reduction. 11. **Separation from Selenium and Other PGMs via Solvent Extraction** – High-purity purification. 12. **Fractional Crystallization of Tellurium Salts** – Separates tellurium from other elements. --- ### **C. Reduction to Metallic Tellurium** 13. **Hydrogen Reduction of TeO₂ → Te + H₂O** – Produces metallic tellurium. 14. **Sulfur or Carbon Reduction of TeO₂** – Laboratory or small-scale method. 15. **Electrolytic Reduction of Tellurium Salts** – Produces high-purity metallic Te. 16. **Aluminothermic or Magnesiothermic Reduction of TeO₂** – Experimental or lab-scale methods. --- ### **D. Recovery from Byproducts / Secondary Sources** 17. **Recovery from Copper Refinery Slags** – Tellurium extracted via leaching. 18. **Recovery from Lead Refinery Slags** – Hydrometallurgical extraction. 19. **Recovery from Gold Refining Residues** – Te as a minor byproduct. 20. **Recovery from Recycled Electronics and Solar Cells** – Te as thin-film or alloy component. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial sources:** Telluride ores and copper/lead/gold refinery residues. * **Primary extraction steps:** Ore concentration → roasting → leaching/purification → TeO₂ → reduction → metallic tellurium. * **Metallic tellurium:** Produced via hydrogen, carbon, or electrolytic reduction. * **Byproduct sources:** Copper, lead, gold refining residues, electronic or solar cell recycling. * **Laboratory/experimental:** Aluminothermic/magnesiothermic reduction, selective precipitation, solvent extraction. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Iodine (I, atomic number 53). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Iodine**?
