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Russia
(information)
Population as of 2020: 145 million
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Region: Eastern Europe
Nominal G.D.P. in 2019: $1.7 trillion
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Top Exports
Russia’s export structure in **2019 (~$420–430 billion in goods exports)** was heavily dominated by **energy (oil, gas, coal)**, along with metals, chemicals, and some agricultural products. | Rank | Export Category | Notes | | ---- | ------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | | 1 | **Mineral fuels (oil, gas, coal)** | By far the largest category (~60%+ of exports). | | 2 | **Metals (iron, steel, aluminum, nickel)** | Major industrial exports. | | 3 | **Chemicals** | Fertilizers and petrochemicals. | | 4 | **Agricultural products** | Especially wheat (Russia is a top exporter). | | 5 | **Precious metals** | Gold and platinum group metals. | | 6 | **Wood & wood products** | Timber and processed wood. | | 7 | **Machinery & equipment** | Limited but present sector. | | 8 | **Arms & military equipment** | Significant but often not fully reflected in trade stats. | | 9 | **Fish & seafood** | Important regional export. | | 10 | **Fertilizers** | Key global supplier. | Key individual export products (by value) | Rank | Product | Estimated Value (USD) | | ---- | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | | 11 | **Crude petroleum** | ~$120–150 billion | | 12 | **Refined petroleum products** | ~$60–80 billion | | 13 | **Petroleum gas (natural gas)** | ~$40–60 billion | | 14 | **Coal** | ~$15–25 billion | | 15 | **Wheat** | ~$8–12 billion | | 16 | **Gold** | ~$15–25 billion | | 17 | **Iron & steel products** | ~$15–25 billion | | 18 | **Aluminum** | ~$10–15 billion | | 19 | **Fertilizers (potash, nitrogen, phosphate)** | ~$10–15 billion | | 20 | **Nickel & other base metals** | ~$10–15 billion | Key Takeaways * **Energy dominance:** Oil and gas made up **over 60% of Russia’s exports** in 2019. * **Commodity-heavy economy:** Exports are largely **raw materials and basic industrial inputs**. * **Agricultural strength:** Russia is a leading exporter of **wheat**. * **Metals & fertilizers:** Important global supplier of **aluminum, steel, and fertilizers**. Top Importers of Russia’s Exports | Rank | Country | Notes | | ---- | ------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1 | **China** | Largest market; oil, gas, coal, and metals. | | 2 | **Netherlands** | Major European energy hub; crude oil and refined fuels (re-exports). | | 3 | **Germany** | Natural gas, oil, and industrial raw materials. | | 4 | **Belarus** | Oil, gas, and industrial goods (close economic ties). | | 5 | **Turkey** | Natural gas, oil, and agricultural imports. | | 6 | **Italy** | Oil, gas, and metals. | | 7 | **South Korea** | Energy and industrial raw materials. | | 8 | **Poland** | Oil, gas, and coal. | | 9 | **United Kingdom** | Oil, precious metals, and financial-linked trade. | | 10 | **Finland** | Energy and forestry-related trade. | Key Patterns * **Energy dominates trade relationships**: * Most countries import **oil and natural gas** from Russia. * **Europe was central (pre-2022)**: * Many top partners (Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Poland, Finland) were **European economies heavily dependent on Russian energy**. * **China already rising**: * China was the **#1 export destination**, a trend that has strengthened further in later years. * **Transit hubs matter**: * The **Netherlands** appears prominently due to **Rotterdam’s role as a major oil entry and redistribution hub**.
