Platinum
(information)
✅ Continuing with **Platinum (Pt)** — one of the world’s most valuable and versatile metals, known for its **catalytic power, corrosion resistance, and electrical stability**. It underpins modern **emission control, jewelry, chemical processing, and fuel cell technology**, making it central to both heavy industry and the green economy. --- # ⚗️ Modern Platinum Uses by Industry (Option A Format) ### 🚗 **1–5: Catalysis & Automotive (~40–45%)** 1. **Automotive Catalytic Converters (Pt–Pd–Rh)** – Converts CO, NOₓ, and hydrocarbons into harmless gases. 2. **Diesel Oxidation Catalysts** – Key in heavy trucks and ships for emission reduction. 3. **Hydrogen Fuel Cell Catalysts (PEM Cells)** – Platinum-based electrodes for clean energy generation. 4. **Chemical Reactors & Reformers** – Used in naphtha reforming and nitric acid production. 5. **Green Hydrogen Production Catalysts** – PEM electrolyzers using Pt and Ir for hydrogen evolution. --- ### 💎 **6–10: Jewelry & Decorative Arts (~25–30%)** 6. **Fine Jewelry & Watches** – Valued for durability, brightness, and hypoallergenic properties. 7. **Luxury Alloys (Pt–Ir, Pt–Ru)** – Increases hardness for precision items and settings. 8. **High-End Accessories & Coins** – Commemorative minting and collectible bullion. 9. **Medical Jewelry Applications** – Hypoallergenic and non-reactive replacements for gold. 10. **Cultural & Artistic Artifacts** – Sculptures, plating, and high-value craftsmanship. --- ### 🧪 **11–15: Chemical & Petroleum Catalysts (~15–18%)** 11. **Petroleum Refining Catalysts** – Pt on alumina for catalytic reforming and alkylation. 12. **Silicone & Polymer Production** – Platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions. 13. **Nitric Acid & Ammonia Synthesis** – Pt–Rh gauzes in fertilizer manufacturing. 14. **Hydrogenation of Fine Chemicals** – Pharmaceutical and fragrance synthesis. 15. **Environmental & Pollution Control Catalysts** – Oxidation catalysts for VOC destruction. --- ### ⚙️ **16–18: Electronics & Industrial Applications (~7–8%)** 16. **Electrical Contacts & Thermocouples (Pt–Rh)** – Stable and oxidation-resistant in high temperatures. 17. **Glass Fiber Production Crucibles** – Handles molten glass without contamination. 18. **Sensors, Electrodes & Lab Instruments** – Corrosion-proof components in analytical devices. --- ### 🔬 **19–20: Medical & Emerging (~3–5%)** 19. **Medical Implants & Devices** – Stents, pacemakers, and electrodes due to biocompatibility. 20. **Cancer Drugs (Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin)** – Platinum-based chemotherapy agents. --- ### 📌 Sector Share Summary | Sector Group | % of Global Platinum Use | | ------------------------------ | ------------------------ | | Catalysis & Automotive | ~40–45% | | Jewelry & Decorative | ~25–30% | | Chemical & Petroleum Catalysts | ~15–18% | | Electronics & Industrial | ~7–8% | | Medical & Emerging | ~3–5% | --- ✅ **Next element:** **Gold (Au)** — one of the most iconic and economically significant metals, valued for **currency, electronics, jewelry, aerospace, and medical applications**. Say **“continue”** to move on to **Gold** in the same structured format.Top Exporters
Platinum Ore
- **South Africa** – $16.7 billion in exports.
- **United States** – $10 billion.
- **United Kingdom** – $9.5 billion.
- **Russia** – $7.2 billion.
- **Germany** – $7 billion.
- Belgium**
- **Italy**
- Hong Kong
- **Japan**
- **Switzerland**
Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Platinum (Pt, atomic number 78).** Platinum is a **transition metal** that occurs primarily in **platinum group metal (PGM) ores**, including **platinoid nuggets**, **nickel-copper sulfide ores**, and **alluvial deposits**. Industrial extraction involves **concentration, chemical separation, and reduction**. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Platinum**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Platinum** ### **A. Extraction from Ores** 1. **Mining of Platinum Group Metal Ores** – Primary source of platinum. 2. **Crushing and Grinding of Ore** – Prepares material for chemical processing. 3. **Gravity and Magnetic Separation** – Enriches platinum-containing minerals. 4. **Froth Flotation** – Concentrates platinum group metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru). 5. **Smelting to Remove Base Metals (Ni, Cu, Fe)** – Platinum remains in noble metal fraction. 6. **Acid Digestion (Aqua Regia or HCl/HNO₃ mixtures)** – Dissolves platinum for purification. --- ### **B. Chemical Separation of Platinum** 7. **Precipitation of Platinum Chlorides (PtCl₄, PtCl₆)** – Separates Pt from other PGMs. 8. **Formation of Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate ((NH₄)₂\[PtCl₆])** – Key intermediate for purification. 9. **Ion Exchange Chromatography** – Laboratory or industrial scale purification. 10. **Solvent Extraction of Platinum Complexes** – Separates Pt from Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru. 11. **Selective Precipitation of Platinum Compounds** – Produces intermediates for reduction. 12. **Electrolytic Refining of Platinum Salts** – Produces high-purity platinum metal. --- ### **C. Conversion to Platinum Compounds** 13. **Calcination of Platinum Salts** – Removes residual impurities. 14. **Preparation of Platinum Oxides (PtO, PtO₂)** – For industrial and catalytic applications. 15. **Preparation of Platinum Alloys** – Mixed with Pd, Rh, Ir, or Ni for industrial use. 16. **Volatilization and Condensation of Platinum Compounds** – Laboratory-scale purification technique. --- ### **D. Recovery and Secondary Sources** 17. **Recovery from Platinum Refinery Residues** – Flue dusts and sludges treated for platinum. 18. **Recovery from Scrap Catalysts (Automotive, Industrial)** – Hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical extraction. 19. **Recovery from Nickel-Copper Smelting Slags** – Leaching and selective precipitation. 20. **Laboratory-Scale Extraction from Secondary Sources** – Analytical isolation and purification of platinum. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial sources:** PGM ores, nickel-copper sulfide ores, alluvial deposits. * **Primary extraction steps:** Ore concentration → smelting → acid digestion → formation of platinum chlorides → reduction or electrolysis → metallic platinum. * **Metallic platinum:** Produced via reduction of Pt salts or electrolytic refining. * **Byproduct/secondary sources:** Refinery residues, scrap catalysts, smelting slags. * **Laboratory/experimental:** Ion exchange, solvent extraction, selective precipitation, calcination, and reduction cycles. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Gold (Au, atomic number 79). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Gold**?
