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Palladium
Top Exporters
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Palladium Ore
- **Russia** – One of the world’s largest producers and exporters of palladium due to its
extensive mining operations, particularly in the Norilsk region. - **South Africa** – A major source of palladium and other platinum group metals.
- **United States** – Significant exporter due to mining operations and refining industries.
- **Canada** – Particularly known for palladium mining in regions like Ontario.
- **Zimbabwe** – Contains large reserves of platinum group metals, including palladium.
- **Germany**
- **United Kingdom**
- **Belgium**
- **Norway**
- **Japan**
- **Finland**
- **China**
- **Italy**
- **Switzerland**
- **Australia**
- **Mexico**
- **Poland**
- **South Korea**
- **Spain**
- **Sweden**
Other countries that export palladium include:
Known Methods of Extraction
Perfect 👍 — next in **periodic table order** is **Palladium (Pd, atomic number 46).** Palladium is a **transition metal** that is **rare** and does **not occur free** in nature. It is primarily obtained as a **byproduct of nickel, copper, and platinum mining/refining**, usually from **platinum group metal (PGM) ores**. Extraction involves **dissolution, selective precipitation, and reduction**. Here are the **20 most common methods of extracting Palladium**: --- # **20 Most Common Methods of Extracting Palladium** ### **A. Extraction from Platinum-Group Ores** 1. **Dissolution of PGM Concentrates in Aqua Regia** – Dissolves Pd and other PGMs. 2. **Selective Precipitation of Palladium Chloride Complexes (PdCl₄²⁻)** – Separates Pd from Pt, Rh, and other PGMs. 3. **Ion Exchange Chromatography** – Purifies Pd from mixed PGM solutions. 4. **Solvent Extraction of Palladium Complexes** – Uses organophosphorus or amine extractants. 5. **Fractional Crystallization of Pd Compounds** – Separates Pd from other PGMs. 6. **Oxidative Conversion to Palladium Salts (PdCl₂, Pd(NO₃)₂)** – Intermediate purification step. --- ### **B. Reduction to Metallic Palladium** 7. **Hydrogen Reduction of PdCl₂ → Pd Metal** – Common laboratory and industrial method. 8. **Electrolytic Deposition of Palladium from Aqueous Solutions** – Produces high-purity metallic Pd. 9. **Aluminothermic Reduction of Palladium Salts** – Laboratory-scale method. 10. **Magnesiothermic Reduction of Palladium Compounds** – Experimental laboratory method. 11. **Thermal Decomposition of Palladium Salts** – Produces metallic Pd. 12. **Carbon Reduction of Palladium Oxides** – Laboratory or specialty method. --- ### **C. Recovery from Byproducts / Secondary Sources** 13. **Recovery from Nickel-Copper Ore Refining Slags** – Trace Pd extracted via hydrometallurgical methods. 14. **Recovery from Platinum Refinery Residues** – Acid leaching + selective precipitation. 15. **Recovery from Spent Catalysts (Automotive or Industrial)** – Dissolution + Pd recovery. 16. **Recovery from Recycled Jewelry or Alloys Containing Pd** – Hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing. --- ### **D. Laboratory / Experimental Methods** 17. **Plasma Reduction of Pd Salts or Oxides** – High-purity experimental method. 18. **Solar-Thermal Reduction of PdO or PdCl₂** – Experimental renewable energy method. 19. **Zone Refining of Metallic Palladium** – Produces ultra-high purity Pd. 20. **Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of Palladium** – Produces thin films for electronics and catalysis. --- ✅ **Summary:** * **Main industrial sources:** Platinum-group metal ores, nickel/copper ores, and refining residues. * **Primary extraction steps:** Dissolution → selective precipitation → complex formation → reduction → metallic Pd. * **Metallic palladium:** Produced via hydrogen reduction, electrolysis, or metallothermic methods. * **Byproduct sources:** Refinery residues, nickel/copper ores, spent catalysts, recycled alloys. * **Laboratory/experimental:** Plasma reduction, solar-thermal, zone refining, CVD. --- Next in periodic order is \*\*Silver (Ag, atomic number 47). Do you want me to continue with **20 extraction methods for Silver**?