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Crude Oil

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Top Exporters

Crude Oil is historically the single most valuable traded good. In 2024, global crude oil exports were worth around US $1.3 trillion.

Other top goods:

Cars/automobiles: ~US $850 billion globally
Refined petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel): ~US $750 billion
Integrated circuits/electronics: ~US $650 billion
Pharmaceuticals: ~US $600 billion
→ None of these individually surpass crude oil.

Services

Global services exports are much larger overall: about US $7.5 trillion in 2023.
Biggest sub-sectors: financial services, travel/tourism, transport, IT and business services.
For example, international tourism alone is a multi-trillion-dollar export service (since tourist spending in a foreign country counts as an “export”).

  1. **Saudi Arabia** - 7,364,000 barrels per day
  2. **Russia** - 4,780,000 barrels per day
  3. **Iraq** - 3,712,000 barrels per day
  4. **United States** - 3,604,000 barrels per day
  5. **Canada** - 3,350,000 barrels per day
  6. **United Arab Emirates** - 2,717,000 barrels per day
  7. **Kuwait** - 1,879,000 barrels per day
  8. **Norway** - 1,558,000 barrels per day
  9. **Nigeria** - 1,388,000 barrels per day
  10. **Brazil** - 1,346,000 barrels per day
  11. **Kazakhstan** - 1,315,000 barrels per day
  12. **Angola** - 1,085,000 barrels per day
  13. **Mexico** - 1,012,000 barrels per day
  14. **Oman** - 922,000 barrels per day
  15. **Libya** - 920,000 barrels per day
  16. **Iran** - 901,000 barrels per day
  17. **United Kingdom** - 540,000 barrels per day
  18. **Colombia** - 487,000 barrels per day
  19. **Algeria** - 477,000 barrels per day
  20. **Qatar** - 475,000 barrels per day

Common Medications derived from Crude Oil

  1. **Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)**
    2. * Pain reliever/fever reducer. * Synthesized from **phenol**, which comes from petrochemicals.
  2. **Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)**
    3. * Pain reliever, anti-inflammatory. * Industrial production starts from **phenol or benzene derivatives**.
  3. **Ibuprofen**
    4. * NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory). * Synthesized from **petrochemical intermediates**.
  4. **Naproxen**
    5. * NSAID, similar synthesis as ibuprofen.
  5. **Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)**
    6. * Antihistamine. * Aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum are used as feedstock.
  6. **Chlorpheniramine**
    7. * Antihistamine. * Derived from **aromatic petrochemical intermediates**.
  7. **Ethinylestradiol**
    8. * Synthetic estrogen in birth control pills. * Petrochemical-based steroid synthesis.
  8. **Levonorgestrel**
    9. * Synthetic progestin in birth control. * Derived from petroleum intermediates or plant sterols.
  9. **Prednisone / Prednisolone**
    10. * Corticosteroids for inflammation. * Synthesized from **steroid precursors derived from hydrocarbons**.
  10. **Cortisone**
    11. * Anti-inflammatory corticosteroid. * Industrial synthesis starts from petrochemical intermediates.
  11. **Progesterone (Synthetic)**
    12. * Hormone therapy, birth control. * Derived from petrochemical or plant steroid feedstocks.
  12. **Testosterone (Synthetic)**
    13. * Hormone replacement therapy. * Hydrocarbon-derived steroid synthesis.
  13. **Mineral Oil**
    14. * Laxative and topical applications. * Directly refined from petroleum.
  14. **Petrolatum / Vaseline**
    15. * Topical barrier, ointment base. * Direct petroleum derivative.
  15. **Lidocaine (local anesthetic)**
    16. * Petrochemical aromatics used in synthesis.
  16. **Bupivacaine / Ropivacaine**
    17. * Local anesthetics derived from petrochemical feedstocks.
  17. **Methyl Salicylate (topical analgesic)**
    18. * Wintergreen oil or synthetic from petrochemicals.
  18. **Ethyl Salicylate**
    19. * Flavoring and topical use. * Made from petrochemical phenols.
  19. **Benzocaine**
    20. * Local anesthetic for toothache, sore throat. * Aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum are used.
  20. **Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides)**
    21. * Antibacterial medications. * Petrochemical aromatics are key intermediates.

**Key Notes**


1. **Purity matters:** The final medications are **highly purified**; you’re not ingesting crude oil.
2. **Industrial efficiency:** Petrochemicals provide **cheap, reproducible, high-purity feedstocks**.
3. **Widespread presence:** From painkillers to birth control, steroids, anesthetics, and topicals, the majority of modern pharmaceuticals **trace their chemical origin to hydrocarbons**.

Common Synthetic Food Ingredients derived from Crude Oil

  1. **Vanillin (synthetic)**
    2. * Vanilla flavoring for chocolate, ice cream, baked goods. * Often produced from **guaiacol**, itself derived from hydrocarbons.
  2. **Ethyl Vanillin**
    3. * Stronger vanilla flavor; industrial synthesis from petrochemical intermediates.
  3. **Ethyl Maltol**
    4. * Sweet, caramel-like flavor; made from petrochemical esters.
  4. **Maltol**
    5. * Baked, caramel aroma; synthetic version derived from hydrocarbon feedstocks.
  5. **Isoamyl Acetate**
    6. * Banana or pear flavor; ester synthesized from petrochemical alcohols.
  6. **Methyl Anthranilate**
    7. * Grape or berry flavor; aromatic hydrocarbon derivative.
  7. **Ethyl Butyrate**
    8. * Pineapple/tropical fruit flavor; industrial esterification from hydrocarbons.
  8. **Allyl Hexanoate**
    9. * Pineapple or tropical fruit flavor; made from petrochemical esters.
  9. **Dimethyl Sulfide**
    10. * Savory, cooked corn, or onion flavor; synthesized from hydrocarbon precursors.
  10. **Benzaldehyde (synthetic)**
    11. * Almond/cherry flavor; derived from toluene or other petrochemical aromatics.
  11. **Butyric Acid (synthetic)**
    12. * Butter flavor; industrial synthesis from petrochemical acids.
  12. **Acetoin**
    13. * Buttery flavor in baked goods; can be synthesized from hydrocarbon derivatives.
  13. **Diacetyl (2,3-Butanedione)**
    14. * Butter flavoring; petrochemical-derived.
  14. **Limonene (synthetic)**
    15. * Citrus flavor; industrial hydrocarbon synthesis alternative to plant extraction.
  15. **Citral (synthetic)**
    16. * Lemon or lemongrass flavor; synthesized from petrochemical aldehydes.
  16. **Coumarin (synthetic)**
    17. * Sweet hay or vanilla-like flavor; petrochemical-based production.
  17. **Ethyl Lactate**
    18. * Fruity, creamy flavor; made from ethanol derived from petrochemicals.
  18. **Propyl Butyrate**
    19. * Pineapple or fruity flavor; ester synthesized from hydrocarbons.
  19. **Hexyl Acetate**
    20. * Apple/pear flavor; petrochemical ester.
  20. **Gamma-Undecalactone**
    21. * Peach or apricot flavor; synthetic lactone from hydrocarbon intermediates.

**Key Notes**


1. **Purification:** All these compounds are highly purified; consumers are not ingesting crude oil.
2. **Flavor Diversity:** Hydrocarbon feedstocks allow chemists to create **esters, aldehydes, lactones, and other molecules** cheaply and consistently.
3. **Hidden Origins:** Most synthetic flavors derived from petroleum are **marketed with innocuous names** (vanillin, ethyl maltol) that hide the industrial origin.
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